The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family in mammal comprises a family of transmembrane proteins characterized by multiple copies of leucine rich repeats in the extracellular domain and IL-1 receptor motif in the cytoplasmic domain. Like its counterparts in Drosophila, TLRs signal through adaptor molecules (1). The TRL...

TLRs belong to a family of proteins that specifically recognize and sense microbial products. They are highly conserved throughout evolution. In Drosophila, toll is required for the anti-fungal response, while the related 18-wheeler is involved in antibacterial defences. TLRs identified as type I transmembrane...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses...