 |
||
 A guide to loading controls — information and product links. Loading controls are essential for proper interpretation of western blots. They are used to normalize the levels of protein detected by confirming that protein loading is the same across the gel. The expression levels of the loading control should not vary between the different sample lanes. They are usually proteins that exhibit high-level, constitutive expression in the cell type or sample you are examining. This ensures constant expression levels. Thus “housekeeping genes” are frequently chosen for use as loading controls. It is also important that the protein chosen as a loading control has a different molecular weight than the protein of interest so that the bands are distinct and expression levels quantifiable. See the whole range of loading control antibodies. Find out more about our different loading control antibodies: Actinbeta-Actin loading control antibodies, e. g. IMG-5142A (WB: 1:500 - 1:2000) Molecular weight: 43 kD Suitability: Cytoplasmic and whole cell extracts Caution: Changes in cell-growth conditions and interactions with extracellular matrix components have been found to alter actin protein synthesis (Farmer et al., 1983; Ben Zeev and Amsterdam,1986). GAPDHGAPDH loading control antibodies, e. g. IMG-5019A (WB: 1:1000 - 1:5000) Molecular weight: 30–40 kD Suitability: Cytoplasmic and whole-cell extracts GAPDH is constitutively expressed in almost all tissues at high levels, therefore becoming the marker of choiceas loading control in northern/western blots and protein normalization. Caution: Some physiological factors, such as hypoxia and diabetes as well as some sort of cancers increase GAPDH expression in certain cell types. TubulinTubulin loading control antibodies, e. g. 600-401-880 Molecular weight: 55 kD Suitability: Cytoplasmic and whole-cell extracts Caution: Tubulin expression is known to vary according to resistance to antimicrobial and antimitotic drugs (Sangrajrang S. et al, 1998, Prasad V et al, 2000). VDAC/PorinVDAC/Porin mitochondrial loading control antibody (600-401-882, WB: 1:500-1:2000) Molecular weight: 31 kD Suitability: Mitochondrial extracts VDAC is expressed at steady-state levels and thus makes a good loading control. COX-4COX-4 mitochondrial loading control antibody (e. g. A301-899A, WB: 1:2000 - 1:10000) Molecular weight: 17 kD Suitability: Mitochondrial extracts COX-4 is expressed at consistently high levels and thus makes a good loading control. Caution: Many proteins run at the same 17 kD size as COX-4. The VDAC/Porin antibody makes a good alternative mitochondrial loading control for proteins of this size. Histone H2BHistone H2B nuclear loading control antibodies (e. g. 1750-1, WB: 1:20000) Molecular weight: 14 kD Suitability: Nuclear extracts Caution: Amounts of histone doubles prior to cell division! Not suitable for comparing S-phase with with pre-S-phase cells. Loading Control Sampler KitLoading Control Sampler Kit Panel of four antibodies (beta-Actin. beta-Tubulin, GAPDH, Histone H2B) specific to proteins frequently used for protein normalization, plus appropriate secondary reagent. Sufficient quantity of each antibody is included for several mini-blots. Loading Control Antibodies ... |
||
 |
|
|
Warenkorb